The Twig sandbox mechanism in Craft CMS is configured to allow dangerous functionality from the Yii framework, leading to authenticated RCE similar to previously disclosed vulnerabilities.

The Twig sandbox in Craft CMS works by implementing Twig’s SecurityPolicyInterface. The resulting SecurityPolicy class implements the checkMethodAllowed and checkPropertyAllowed methods of the interface. The implementations compare whether the called method or property is in a configured allowlist or is marked with the AllowedInSandbox attribute.

Additionally, SecurityPolicy allows the allowlisting of whole classes, which is shorthand for allowing all methods and properties of that class to be called. Both the allowlists for tags, filters, variables, methods, properties, and classes, and the AllowedInSandbox attribute mechanism are preconfigured by Craft CMS to allow user-defined templates to use core functionality unimpeded. Additionally, Craft CMS project developers can add more to the allowlists or mark their custom methods and so on as safe with AllowedInSandbox.

The SecurityPolicy class’s allowlisting mechanism is potentially dangerous, as it allows all methods and properties on an object of the allowed class. This means that the checked object can be a subclass and be allowed. And it means that the allowed methods and properties can be defined on any class of the class hierarchy of the object, which does not have to be the allowed class itself.

Craft CMS uses the AllowedInSandbox attribute to mark the ElementInterface as safe. The Element class implements this interface and serves as the base class for many relevant model classes in Craft CMS, such as Entry, User, Asset, and so on. Additionally, Element extends the craft\base\Component class. Going up the class hierarchy of craft\base\Component, eventually the class yii\base\Component is reached, which is located in the Yii framework used by Craft CMS. yii\base\Component is known to contain a dangerous arbitrary function call gadget which leads to previously disclosed RCE vulnerabilities in Craft CMS (GHSA-255j-qw47-wjh5, GHSA-2fph-6v5w-89hh, GHSA-7jx7-3846-m7w7, GHSA-qrgm-p9w5-rrfw). Due to lax class allowlisting, this function-call gadget is allowed in the Twig sandbox. This allows sandboxed Twig templates to use known payloads based on the function-call gadget to achieve RCE.

An authenticated attacker only with permission to access the control panel can render a malicious Twig template and gain RCE, even if the Twig sandbox is enabled through enableTwigSandbox().